Python Programming

 

Python Notes 

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1. Introduction to Python

1.1 What is Python?

• Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its readability and simplicity. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming.

1.2 Features of Python

• Easy to learn and use
• Extensive libraries and frameworks
• Platform-independent
• Supports object-oriented programming
• High-level and interpreted

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2. Python Syntax

2.1 Variables and Data Types

In Python, you don't need to declare the type of variable explicitly. Python determines the type dynamically.

# Variable assignments
x = 5          # Integer
y = "Hello"    # String
z = 3.14       # Float

2.2 Basic Data Types

• int: Integer numbers.
• float: Decimal numbers.
• str: Strings (text).
• bool: Boolean values (True/False).

a = 10        # Integer
b = 3.14      # Float
name = "John" # String
is_active = True # Boolean

2.3 Input and Output

You can take input using input() and print output using print().

# Taking input
name = input("Enter your name: ")
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))

# Outputting data
print("Hello, " + name + "! You are " + str(age) + " years old.")

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3. Control Flow Statements

3.1 Conditional Statements (if, elif, else)

age = 20

if age < 18:
    print("You are a minor.")
elif age >= 18 and age < 65:
    print("You are an adult.")
else:
    print("You are a senior citizen.")

3.2 Loops

• for loop: Used to iterate over a sequence (like a list, string, or range).

# Using a for loop
for i in range(5):
    print("This is iteration number", i)

• while loop: Runs as long as the condition is true.

count = 0
while count < 5:
    print("Count is", count)
    count += 1

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4. Functions

4.1 Defining Functions

# Function to calculate the square of a number
def square(num):
    return num * num

result = square(5)
print("The square of 5 is:", result)

4.2 Function with Multiple Parameters

# Function to add two numbers
def add_numbers(a, b):
    return a + b

sum_result = add_numbers(10, 15)
print("The sum is:", sum_result)

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5. Lists and Tuples

5.1 Lists

• Lists are ordered, mutable, and allow duplicate elements.

# List definition
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits.append("orange")  # Adding an item to the list
print(fruits)

5.2 Tuples

• Tuples are ordered, immutable, and do not allow modification.

# Tuple definition
coordinates = (1, 2, 3)
print(coordinates[0])  # Accessing tuple elements

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6. Dictionaries

• Dictionaries store key-value pairs.

# Dictionary definition
person = {
    "name": "John",
    "age": 25,
    "city": "New York"
}

# Accessing dictionary values
print(person["name"])  # Output: John

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7. File Handling

7.1 Opening a File

# Open a file in write mode
file = open("example.txt", "w")
file.write("Hello, this is a test file.")
file.close()  # Always close the file after operation

7.2 Reading from a File

# Open a file in read mode
file = open("example.txt", "r")
content = file.read()
print(content)
file.close()

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8. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python

8.1 Classes and Objects

# Defining a class
class Car:
    def __init__(self, make, model, year):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
    
    def display_info(self):
        print(f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}")

# Creating an object
my_car = Car("Toyota", "Corolla", 2020)
my_car.display_info()  # Output: 2020 Toyota Corolla

8.2 Inheritance

class ElectricCar(Car):  # Inheriting from Car class
    def __init__(self, make, model, year, battery_size):
        super().__init__(make, model, year)
        self.battery_size = battery_size
    
    def display_battery(self):
        print(f"This car has a {self.battery_size}-kWh battery.")

# Creating an object of ElectricCar
my_electric_car = ElectricCar("Tesla", "Model S", 2021, 85)
my_electric_car.display_info()
my_electric_car.display_battery()

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9. Modules and Libraries

9.1 Importing Built-in Modules

import math

# Using math module
result = math.sqrt(16)
print(result)  # Output: 4.0

9.2 Creating Your Own Module

1. Create a Python file named mymodule.py.
2. Define functions inside it.

# mymodule.py
def greet(name):
    print(f"Hello, {name}!")

3. Import and use it in another Python file.

import mymodule

mymodule.greet("Alice")  # Output: Hello, Alice!

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10. Exception Handling

10.1 Try-Except Block

try:
    result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")

10.2 Catching Multiple Exceptions

try:
    value = int(input("Enter a number: "))
except ValueError:
    print("Error: Invalid input! Please enter a valid number.")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"An error occurred: {e}")

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Assessment: Regular Tests, Assignments, and Final Project Evaluation

Certification: Certificate of Completion from Disha Institute

 

Number of Days Depends on your practice and feedback. The more you practice and review your work, the faster you will complete the course.

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